Category: History Philosophy On Science Nature

First released in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Die "Ausrottung" aller "unsichtbaren Feinde" des Menschen durch die medizinische Bakteriologie: Aufstieg und Fall einer Leitwissenschaft der Moderne.
Als die WHO 1980 den "Tod der Pocken" verkündete, rückte die imaginative and prescient einer Welt ohne Infektionskrankheiten in greifbare Nähe. Das Auftauchen neuer und die Rückkehr überwunden geglaubter Erreger machten jedoch wenig später klar, dass dies eine phantasm warfare. Silvia Berger beschäftigt sich mit der Geschichte jener Wissenschaft, durch deren Leistungen - allen voran der Entdeckung der pathogenen Bakterien - die "Ausrottung" der Seuchen erstmals möglich schien: die medizinische Bakteriologie. Die Autorin zeigt mit Blick auf Deutschland zwischen 1890 und 1933, dass der Glaube an die Beherrschbarkeit von Infektionskrankheiten nicht erst in neuester Zeit erschüttert wurde. Bereits nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg erfuhr die Bakteriologie eine tiefgreifende Krise. Der von Militärbakteriologen zwischen 1914 und 1918 rigoros verfolgte Traum von der Vernichtung aller "unsichtbaren Feinde" und der Herstellung "reiner" Körper und Territorien rückte in weite Ferne. Die einstige Renommierwissenschaft musste in den 1920er Jahren eingestehen, dass sie mit ihren Denkfiguren das komplexe Zusammenspiel von Mikro- und Makroorganismen nicht mehr erklären konnte. Statt als "Krieg" konzipierte guy nun das Verhältnis zwischen Bakterien und Menschen mit Begriffen wie "Gleichgewicht" oder "Symbiose", einer artwork friedlichen Koexistenz. Die Studie wurde 2008 mit dem Henry-E.-Sigerist-Preis für Nachwuchsförderung in der Geschichte der Medizin und Naturwissenschaften ausgezeichnet.

In her sweeping background of the yankee tobacco industry,Barbara Hahn strains the emergence of the tobacco plant’s many varietaltypes, arguing that they're items now not of nature yet of economicrelations and endured and severe marketplace law. Hahn focuses her learn at the most well-liked of those kinds, BrightFlue-Cured Tobacco. First grown within the inland Piedmont alongside theVirginia–North Carolina border, vivid Tobacco now grows in all places theworld, basically as a result of its unique—and easilyreplicated—cultivation and curing tools. Hahn lines theevolution of applied sciences in quite a few regulatory and culturalenvironments to reconstruct how vivid Tobacco turned, and is still tothis day, a number one commodity within the worldwide tobacco undefined. This research asks now not what impression tobacco had at the global industry, buthow that industry formed tobacco into forms that served particular purposesand grew to become distinguishable from each other extra via applied sciences ofproduction than genetics. In so doing, it explores the intersection ofcrossbreeding, tobacco-raising know-how, altering renowned demand,attempts at rules, and sheer advertising ingenuity throughout the heydayof the yankee tobacco undefined. Combining fiscal concept with the historical past of expertise, MakingTobacco shiny revises numerous narratives in American historical past, fromcolonial staple-crop agriculture to the origins of the tobacco industryto the increase of id politics within the 20th century.

lately there was a revival of curiosity in structuralist ways to technological know-how. Taking their lead from medical structuralists reminiscent of Henri Poincaré, Ernst Cassirer, and Bertrand Russell, a few modern philosophers and scientists have argued that the main fruitful method of fixing many difficulties within the philosophy of technological know-how lies in concentrating on the structural good points of our clinical theories. a lot of the paintings in clinical structuralism up to now has been curious about the matter of medical realism, the place it's been argued that even in instances of radical idea switch an important structural gains of predecessor theories are preserved. those structural realists argue that what our such a lot profitable theories get correct concerning the international is those summary structural positive aspects, instead of any specific ontological claims. extra lately, philosophers of technological know-how have followed structuralist methods to many different matters within the philosophy of technology, equivalent to medical clarification and intertheory family. The 9 articles amassed during this quantity, written by means of the best researchers in medical structuralism, signify essentially the most vital instructions of analysis during this box. This e-book should be of specific curiosity to these philosophers, scientists, and mathematicians who're drawn to the rules of science.

While the actual sciences are a consistently evolving resource of expertise and of figuring out approximately our global, they've got develop into so really expert and depend upon rather a lot prerequisite wisdom that for lots of buyers the divide among the sciences and the arts turns out even more than it used to be whilst C. P. Snow introduced his well-known 1959 lecture, "The Cultures."

In A Cultural heritage of Physics, Hungarian scientist and educator Károly Simonyi succeeds in bridging this chasm by means of describing the experimental equipment and theoretical interpretations that created medical wisdom, from precedent days to the current day, in the cultural setting during which it was once shaped. in contrast to the other paintings of its style, Simonyi’s seminal opus explores the interaction of technological know-how and the arts to exhibit the beauty and pleasure of clinical improvement through the a long time.

These pages comprise an abundance of excerpts from unique assets, a big selection of transparent and simple reasons, and an staggering wealth of perception, revealing the historic development of technology and welcoming readers right into a discussion with the good clinical minds that formed our present knowing of physics.

Beautifully illustrated, actual in its clinical content material and large in its ancient and cultural point of view, this booklet could be a useful reference for students and an idea to aspiring scientists and humanists who think that technological know-how is a vital part of our tradition.

the surroundings is at present an issue of overseas public and educational crisis, yet is often thought of individually from future health matters. This ebook brings jointly paintings from environmental and healthiness historians to conceptualise the relationship among atmosphere and future health at varied occasions and in several geographical locations.

via shut readings of person serials and books and archival paintings at the booklet heritage of the Gardener’s journal (1826-44) Sarah Dewis examines the numerous contributions John and Jane Webb Loudon made to the gardening press and democratic discourse. Vilified in the course of their lifetimes by means of a few sections of the clicking, the Loudons have been key avid gamers within the democratization of print media and the advance of the broadcast photograph. either provided ladies readers a cultural substitute to the predominantly literary and classical tradition of the trained English elite. furthermore, they have been innovatory in emphasizing the price of medical wisdom and the purchase of flavor as a way of eroding category distinction. in addition to the Gardener’s journal, Dewis specializes in the lavish eight-volume Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum (1838), an encyclopaedia of bushes and shrubs, and at the Laying Out, Planting, and coping with of Cemeteries (1843), arguing that John Loudon was once an intensive activist who reconfigured gardens within the public sphere as a panorama of enlightenment and as a method of social team spirit. Her e-book is necessary in putting the Loudons’ courses within the context of the background of the ebook, media heritage, backyard historical past, city social historical past, background of schooling, nineteenth-century radicalism and women’s journalism.

Synaesthesia is, within the phrases of the cognitive neuroscientist Cytowic, a wierd sensory mixing. Synaesthetes record seeing colors whilst listening to sounds or right names, or they event tastes whilst studying the names of subway stations. How do those infrequent circumstances relate to different extra universal examples the place sensory stories get combined - circumstances like mirror-touch, personification, cross-modal mappings, and drug reviews? Are all of us kind of synaesthetes, and does
this suggest that we're all topics of crossmodal illusions? may well a few it seems that unusual sensory circumstances supply us an perception into how conception works? contemporary learn at the factors and occurrence of synaesthesia increases new questions concerning the hyperlinks among those situations, and the solidarity of the
condition.

By bringing jointly contributions from top cognitive neuroscientists and philosophers, this quantity considers for the 1st time the wider theoretical classes coming up from such situations of sensory mixing, with reference to the character of conception and cognizance, the limits among conception, phantasm and mind's eye, and the communicability and sharing of experiences.

explanation why first argues that what philosophers are quite after, or not less than will be after, once they search a idea of rationalization, is a concept of solutions to why-questions. It then advances a thesis approximately what shape a thought of solutions to why-questions should still take: a concept of solutions to why-questions should still say what it takes for one truth to be a this is because one other truth obtains. The book's major thesis, then, is a idea of the explanation why. each cause why
some occasion occurred is both a reason, or a flooring, of that occasion. difficult this thesis are many examples philosophers have proposal they've got came upon of "non-causal explanations." the reason why makes use of rules to teach that those examples will not be counterexamples to the idea it defends. First is the concept that not
every a part of a great reaction to a why-question is a part of a solution to that why-question. moment is the concept no longer each it is because anything is a this is why an occasion occurred is itself a the reason is, that occasion occurred. within the book's ultimate bankruptcy its concept of explanation why is prolonged to hide teleological solutions to why-questions, and solutions to why-questions that provide an agent's cause of acting.

Recent advances in ICT have given upward thrust to new socially disruptive applied sciences: AmI and the IoT, marking an important technological switch that could bring about a drastic transformation of the technological environment in all its complexity, in addition to to an immense alteration in expertise use and hence day-by-day residing. but no paintings has systematically explored AmI and the IoT as advances in technology and know-how (S&T) and sociotechnical visions in mild in their nature, underpinning, and practices besides their implications for person and social health and for environmental overall healthiness. AmI and the IoT bring up new units of questions: In what means will we conceptualize such applied sciences? How will we overview their merits and dangers? How may still science–based know-how and society’s politics relate? Are science-based expertise and society converging in new methods?  It is with such questions that this publication is worried. situated in the study box of technological know-how and expertise experiences (STS), which inspires analyses whose methods are drawn from numerous disciplinary views, this booklet amalgamates an research of AmI and the IoT applied sciences in response to a distinct method of cross–disciplinary integration; their moral, social, cultural, political, and environmental results; and a philosophical research and assessment of the consequences of such effects. 

An interdisciplinary process is certainly essential to comprehend the complicated factor of clinical and technological suggestions that S&T will not be the single using forces of the fashionable, high–tech society, in addition to to reply holistically, knowledgeably, reflectively, and significantly to the main urgent concerns and important demanding situations of the fashionable world. 

This publication is the 1st systematic learn on how AmI and the IoT purposes of medical discovery hyperlink up with different advancements within the spheres of the eu society, together with tradition, politics, coverage, ethics and ecological philosophy. It situates AmI and the IoT advancements and strategies as modernist science–based expertise organizations in a risky and stressful courting with an inherently contingent, heterogeneous, fractured, conflictual, plural, and reflexive postmodern social world.

The issue’s topicality leads to a e-book of curiosity to a large readership in technological know-how, undefined, politics, and policymaking, in addition to of advice to somebody drawn to studying the sociology, philosophy, and heritage of AmI and the IoT applied sciences, or to those that want to higher comprehend a number of the moral, environmental, social, cultural, and political dilemmas to what has been categorized the applied sciences of the twenty first century.